An Analysis of the Poem Dusting by Julia Alvarez

Sarah Winn 11/13/12 Literature Mrs. Wiggins â€Å"Dusting† Julia Alvarez In the poem â€Å"Dusting† written by Julia Alvarez, a young girl tries to leave imprints on the dusty objects in her house in which later are wiped away by her mother. ‘Each morning I wrote my name / on the dusty cabinet, then crossed / the dining table in script, scrawled / in capitals on the back of chairs, / practicing signatures like scales† (1-5) I believe that the author is trying to compare the young girl’s aspirations to her mother’s.In life, the girl wishes to leave her imprint on the world. Her goals are larger than life itself, and they refuse to break. No matter how often her mother wiped away the smudged fingerprints, they would always reappear. In the poem, the girls shows us how she â€Å"refused with every mark / to be like her, anonymous† (17-18). This statement shows us how the girl feels about her mother’s accomplishments.She believes tha t her mother achieved as much as anyone else; her mother’s achievements are almost transparent to her – anonymous. She can’t stand the thought of ending up like this, so day after day, she continues to leave her mark. As a child, your aspirations are wild. Many of us wish to accomplish more in our lives than our family members, especially some of our parents. At some point we all wish to be recognized as something bigger – something that no one has witnessed before.We have a need for appreciation. Ever since I was young, I’ve wanted to accomplish great things. I’ve hit setbacks in school and at home, but I’ve never let them break me. Even when I was little, whenever I received a good grade on an assignment or test, I would rush home to call my mom and dad to tell them. Seeing that look in their eyes that says â€Å"I’m so proud to call you mine. † Thats what gives a child the will to succeed. The will to never let those small fingerprints across the table disappear.

Alcohol and Drugs

Alcohol and drugs have been for many years been abused by many people. Alcohol is a depressant that slows the function of the central nervous system.   It blocks some of the messages trying to get into the brain which consequently alters a person’s perceptions and emotions.People that I have known overuse alcohol have undergone intoxication.   When I meet them on the way they are just staggering, slur their speech because of these effects.Intoxication makes one to be aggressive and angry.   Due to this many alcohol users have ended in prison.   My neighbor who was alcoholic ended in jail for committing a serious offence of beating his child senseless. He was actually acting out of his own character.   The sentence was ten years in prison.Alcoholism can be divided into three main stages namely:Early stage of alcoholism Here a person depends on alcohol to affect their mood.   Most people at this level drink for relief from problems.   Most people experience gradual increase in tolerance thus increasing the quantity.   The body loses its ability to deal with high alcohol levels and as a result it leads to deteriorating body functions.Middle alcoholism stage The need and desire to drink becomes more intense.   Their tolerance decreases because of intoxications.   A few individuals recognize that there is a drinking problem but they are unable to stop.   This stage is characterized by hangovers, blackouts and stomach problems.End stage Alcoholism The alcoholic at this stage has become obsessed with drinking to the extent of excluding all other activities.   The mental and physical health of the alcoholic is deteriorating due to the damage of most body organs.The alcoholic will consequently suffer from malnutrition and if the alcoholic continues to dink alcohol will cause the death of the alcoholic in one way or another. These range from suicide, accidents, and damage of body organs etc.   Death is the final stage of alcoholisms. (Mar latt &Donovan 2005)I have actually noted through observation that there are adverse effects of drinking alcohol.   Most people who are alcoholic experience bad health effects, such as burnt hips.Too much alcohol within a short period of time may cause alcohol poisoning which is characterized by violent vomiting, extreme sleepiness unconsciousness, difficulty breathing, low blood sugar and even death. Alcohol users especially the young people are venerable to risks such as unsafe, unprotected sex resulting to pregnancies and sexually transmitted diseases such as the deadly AIDS those results to the end of lives.The alcohol users I have known take risks that they might not normally if they are sober.   Most people have been killed in road accidents due to alcohol intoxication that hinders their judgment.   Others suffer physical injuries due to falling carelessly.I have tried to drift away from most of my friends who drink since I cannot comply with their irrational behaviors wh en they are drunk.   I always fear getting into conflicts with the alcohol users because they are usually aggressive and angry meaning they can injure me at any particular point.Drug abuse has increased in the contemporary world.   Different types of drugs are abused exposing the abusers to various risks.   Drugs are chemical or substances that change the way the body works.   They usually introduced into the body through swallowing, inhaling or injection them.   In the brain drugs may affect the normal functioning of the brain.

Memorable event in my life Essay

Very often people don’t remember their day-by-day routine, but if something unusual or extra ordinary happens. It can be memorable and remarkablefor the rest of their lives. For me, such remarkable event was the light show of dancing fountains. I saw this show for the first time when I was 10 years old. Since that time I saw shows like that several times, but the feelings of the very first time are still in my haert and they are unforgettable. The show had to start during sunset, and since it was arranged on the bank of the rive on a hot summer day everything around bacame pink. Trees, river, air, people around -everything was paintad with a tender pink colour. That day was extremely hot but in the evening the air turned to be fresh and clean. The blowing breeze was very pleasent. The show was delayed. At first we were nervous about that, but now I understand that it was planned ahead and we were really lucky to see the sunset. Very soon it became darker and at last the show started. The show was accompanied by modern music and the fountains really danced and people danced too. Everybody was so excited! I convinced my freind to go with me, which was not easy because she didn’t want to join that â€Å"crowd†( as she called all the people at the show). But thanks to that evening we becam e much closer and that was an event we remember and recall very often. I would recimmend to those who didn’t see dancing fountains to have a chance and see them! It was an unforgettable, remarkable event.

Bear Grylls Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bear Grylls Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Next this paper will postulate as to the marketing strategy employed by the man in order to achieve this level of success followed by a critical discussion of how this marketing strategy might serve him in the near to late future. Lastly this paper will conclude with some remarks regarding how the strategies employed by Bear Grylls bight apply to some other individuals trying to achieve the same level of fame as this enterprising young entrepreneur. According to Martin (2004) in an interview with Grylls he indicated that although it is the case that Grylls was born in Northern Ireland when he was four years old the family moved to the Isle of Wight and his father was conservative party politician Sir Michael Grylls. Grylls was born Edward Michael Grylls but was given the nickname ‘Bear’ by his sister whilst he was sill a young man. According to City Speakers International (2010) it is the case that Grylls was educated at a number of different places such as Eton College and the University of London, however upon graduation Grylls spent several months hiking around the Himalayan Mountans. It was during this time that he decided to join the Special Air Service and during a parachuting accident in Kenya he managed to crush three vertebrae which nearly cost him his life and could have left him paralyzed. It was during his lon rehabilitation that Grylls ended up being discharged and redirected all of his efforts at achieving a childhood goal of climbing Mount Everest. According to City Speakers International (2010) on May 26th, 1998 Bear became the youngest of all British climbers to successfully ascend to the summit of Mount Everest and return alive. It has been estimated that one out of every six mountaineers who attempt to climb to the top will die in the process. It was upon this foundation of excitement and lust for adventure that Grylls began a number of other major extreme endeavors. According to Blundell (2003) Bear circumnavigated

Capitalism at its best Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capitalism at its best - Essay Example Once the insurance policies are cashed in, they are set to be invested in by a third party. This party continues to pay the required insurance policy premiums for the policy that he/she invests in. In so doing, the original beneficiary of the insurance policy gets to utilize his/her resources before death come knocking. On the other hand, the viatical settlement company profits from such operations by getting a percentage face value of the policy transacted under viatical settlement. After the original insurance policy holder dies, the settlement company or the third party that invests in the cashed in policy becomes the beneficiary. From the cashing in of the insurance policy to the sale of that policy to a third party, all the transactions involved are privately undertaken. On the same note, viatical settlement companies are private entities that operate alongside other private players in the economy setting. As a result, viatical settlement companies exhibit private ownership of resources, and consequently capital in their operations. These factors are the most critical when it comes to the definition of capitalism. Capitalism continues to be portrayed at its best in respect to the risks that viatical settlement companies take in allowing terminally ill patients to cash in their insurance policies. Viatical settlement practices are highly complex and critically prone to ethical issues Accountability is a critical factor to account for in the process of undertaking viatical settlements. The legal system regulates and governs viatical settlement transactions, thereby allowing players in that market to coexist and engage in healthy competition. The competition factor in viatical settlements further presents the capitalism aspect. Viatical settlement companies are not immune to the legal provisions that streamline business operations. Failure to comply with the set laws results in legal actions against the

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis - Essay Example The populations most at risk are those suffering from acute or chronic severe renal insufficiency, from acute renal insufficiency of any severity due to the hepato-renal syndrome, and those patients in the peri-operative liver transplantation period. For all of these patients it is recommended that health care professionals simply avoid the use of GBCA; the only exception being when it is determined that the diagnostic information to be obtained is absolutely necessary and unavailable through the use of non-contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, as a precautionary measure, it is recommended that health care professionals conduct a screening for all patients for a renal dysfunction by either obtaining a history or carrying out laboratory tests. These screening measures are fundamentally precautionary, however, because "the risk, if any, for developing NSF among patients with mild to moderate renal insufficiency or normal renal function is unknown" (Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents, 2007).

Marketing Case Study Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Marketing Case Study Analysis - Essay Example In this regard, a deeper understanding of what the relevance is of â€Å"marketing myopia† is can be gauged. In the analysis of this case study, Levitt (1975) suggested that the reason behind the downfall of the so-called â€Å"growing industry† is generally because of their myopic thinking culture. With this short – sighted vision of what the future of business may possibly offer, firms do collapse. It is indeed necessary to think outside the box and have a bigger picture of what is likely to happen in the industry. Also, he proposed that in order for business to thrive continuously, businesses must be customer – oriented instead of being too much occupied in developing, improving and producing goods and services. Likewise, he also suggested that marketing is needed and not just basically selling since marketing includes communicating the values that the products and services can possibly offer. This recommends that in order to avoid business failure in t he future, a proper implementation and execution of the strategies should come next to ensure the sustained business after such careful and balanced analysis and planning of the business context today and in the future. Introduction Starting a business involves risks since its success is never a guarantee. In reality, there are only slim chances of success in every business because only a few out of the total numbers of founded businesses do succeed. The U.S. Small Business Administration suggested that an estimation of over a half of the small businesses do fail within the first 5 years of their operation (Vetbiz Resource Center, 2009). There are many available print and online materials which try to explain why businesses fail. In the book entitled â€Å"Small Business Management,† Michael Ames (1983) suggested that the collapse of small businesses can be accounted by the following reasons: the entrepreneur’s lack of experience in handling business, poor inventory ma nagement, weak credit arrangement, excessive investment in fixed assets, insufficient capital to sustain the business needs, personal use of business funds, surprising growth in business as well as the poor and inconvenient location of business. On the one hand, there are two more reasons accounting to the collapse of business. According to Gustav Berle (1989) in the â€Å"Do It Yourself Business Book†, the increased competition in the market and the low sales are also reasons behind business failure. However, it is the case that businesses may have achieved a certain growth at one point in time which is followed by its collapse after. This failure of businesses, according to Theodore Levitt (1975), is not caused by the saturation in the market but mainly due to the short – sighted thinking culture of firms through having the illusion that such industries are growing. For Levitt (1975), the belief in the so – called â€Å"growth industry† should be reject ed since for him, such conviction is followed by complacency. With the belief in the â€Å"growth industry†, the businesses focus more on developing products and producing goods which they sell to the consumers. Nonetheless, these firms lose sight of what the real needs and wants are which can truly satisfy the customers. Given this, the focus of this paper mainly delves at critically analyzing the case of â€Å"

Portfolio theory and invesntment analysis Assignment

Portfolio theory and invesntment analysis - Assignment Example In fact, it is required to estimate current investment strategy of the charity and then to propose actions for its improvement. Let us suppose that the portfolio has stocks. Structure of is determined by weights of stocks, . Per se, efficient portfolio allows the charity to obtain high expected values of return under tolerable value of risk. Efficient portfolio is determined by optimal weights of stocks, . In general, portfolios with high values of allow to achieve well optimized and efficient solutions but such portfolios are expensive to operate and difficult to analyze and manage. On the other hand, portfolios with small values of are cheap to operate and easy to manage but often such portfolios are too weakly diversified to be able to track the entire market or to beat the market index. Let us consider by examples how to determine optimal values of and weights and how to analyze structure of efficient portfolio . The present portfolio of the charity is concentrated in equity shares in leading U.K. companies. So, it is reasonable to suppose that each of them is in the top of the FTSE 100 Index, a capitalization-weighted index of the 100 most highly capitalized U.K. companies traded on the LSE. For instance, let us select1 the 7 largest constituents of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 9 December 2007, these ones were RDSA.L & RDSB.L, BP.L, HSBA.L, VOD.L, GSK.L, RIO.L, and RBS.L. Then, let us consider values of their market capitalization and also betas vs. UKX: Company Symbol Market Cap (millions ) Fraction (%) Beta vs. UKX Royal Dutch Shell PLC RDSA.L, RDSB.L 127,532.881 20.48 0.934, 0.983 BP PLC BP.L 117,355.224 18.85 1.056 HSBC Holdings PLC HSBA.L 101,548.136 16.31 0.723 Vodafone Group PLC VOD.L 98,199.053 15.77 1.068 GlaxoSmithKline PLC GSK.L 72,271.602 11.61 0.643 Rio Tinto PLC RIO.L 57,299.112 9.20 1.353 Royal Bank of Scotland Group PLC RBS.L 48,380.050 7.77 1.083 It is known that around 40% of the charity's portfolio is invested in one of these stocks, say, BP.L; the investment in each of the others is around 10%. In case of passive investment strategy the charity uses tracking portfolio, in which each of 7 fractions must reflect (sic!) market capitalization of appropriate leading company; e.g. see Focardi & Fabozzi (2004). Inasmuch as real market fractions of top 7 U.K. companies are distributed quite otherwise than in the charity's portfolio, we may conclude that the charity uses rather active than passive investment strategy. It seems that such choice of the investment strategy is quite reasonable. In case of passive investing the charity attempts at least "track" the market which is characterized, say, by the FTSE All-Share Index. If the market is down in a given period, the charity with an indexing strategy will also find investment performance reflecting that decline. Of course, such investing is a low-cost strategy due to reduced security analysis and insignificant start portfolio management costs. However, there are certain tracking errors when the tracking portfolio can not follow

The Impact Of World Demographic Change On The Future Of Business Essay

The Impact Of World Demographic Change On The Future Of Business Operations And Trading Opportunities - Essay Example The paper tells that unprecedented global demographic changes taking place are expected to impact business operations. During the twentieth century â€Å"the global population increased nearly fourfold, growing from 1.5 billion in 1900 to 6 billion in 2000†. Population growth rates increased significantly particularly in the developing world in the first part of the century, reaching a peak in the late 1960s. The swift growth in population was met with a hitherto uncommon response. The increased concerns related to environmental and economic effects of demographic increase motivated the United Nations, bilateral foreign aid agencies, multilateral institutions and private foundations to invest billions of dollars in population programmes. The governments of several developing countries, specifically those in Asia vigourously formulated and implemented policies aimed at slowing population expansion. The emerging evidence indicates that across the globe, population impacts econom ic growth with age structure playing a crucial role. â€Å"As the dependency ratio falls, opportunities for economic growth tend to rise, creating what is now referred to as a â€Å"demographic dividend†. Development in the quality of health care, improvements in health, and the related increase in life expectancy are among the most outstanding demographic changes of the past century. The historical rise in life expectancy reveals reduced infant and child mortality due to public health interventions related to water and sanitation, along with medical interventions such as vaccines and antibiotics. On the other hand, the continued increase in life expectancy since the past few decades particularly in high income countries, is mainly associated with reductions in age-specific death rates at middle and older ages. The declines are related to â€Å"improvements in medical technology, life-style changes, and income growth† (Bloom & Canning 2004, p.4). Globally, life expect ancy rose to more than double the earlier levels, from around 30 years in the year 1900 to 65 years by 2000. It is estimated to rise to 81 years by the end of the 21st century, states Lee (2003). Clark, Ogawa and Mason (2007) reiterate that all developed countries are experiencing rapid aging of the population, and in most countries over 12 percent of the population is over 65 years and older. In Japan, the proportion of the elderly population exceeded the 20 percent level in 2005, and several other developed countries reveal similar statistics. In most parts of the developed world, â€Å"national population projections indicate continued aging, with some countries facing the prospect of actual population decline and a super aging of the population† (Clark et al 2007, p.3). Further, several developing countries particularly in Asia such as China and South Korea, as well as others less economically successful, are now aging rapidly. Those countries that age before attaining ec onomic prosperity will likely face extensive challenges in the future. The association between population growth and the economy has been debated by several scholars and policymakers. As early as 1798, Thomas Malthus put forth that the rate of population growth was held in equilibrium by the rate of economic growth (IMF 2004). While East Asia met the challenges of rapid population growth, â€Å"other demographic changes were creating opportunities for more rapid economic growth†

Ownership and digital downloads Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ownership and digital downloads - Essay Example They cannot hold any ownership rights other than those of using it. Technology has evolved with high speed and it attracts many people especially the youths who prefer to use online downloads as opposed to tangible sources. As result, people who have produced their content such as books, music and film are attracted to upload their content online for people to buy it and then download it. Sales are better online than on the stores as it is convenient, faster and accessible. The internet provides an easy method of sale but the prices are much lower than those of purchasing a tangible content such as a book, a CD or a tape. Books, CDs and tapes carry ownership rights and can be considered the buyers property as opposed to the online copy which ownership does not leave the copyright. In this case, you cannot be said to own something you cannot show or hold. Thus, the intellectual property belongs to the owner who produced it regardless of the rights granted to the person who downloads the content. Legally, the digital content cannot be bequeathed to other persons as gifts, selling or inheritance unlike tangible content like books which can be given out to siblings, friends or left as inheritance. For instance, if you love reading books and you have a collection of both tangible books and eBooks, you can give out your books or bequeath them in the event of your death but this will not be the case for eBooks. As such any digital content such as eBook, movies, music among other online content does not belong to you even if you have bought it and you reserve no rights over it. This includes even the paid-for digital content. Payment for the downloaded content is meant for enjoyment of privileges associated with reading, watching r listening to it and not for ownership. The copyright is protected by The Copyright Law to prevent users of their content from selling it as their own. Terms and conditions are given to the subscribers of the digital content that apart

4.1. Patriot leadership during the battle of Monmouth 1778 Essay

4.1. Patriot leadership during the battle of Monmouth 1778 - Essay Example der-in-chief of the Continental Army managed to have a deep sense of optimism and established himself in the belief that Americans can be guided to the virtue of patriotic courage in achieving the most yearned freedom. Despite the extreme hot weather that prevailed during the battle where a significant number of British and American soldiers died of heat stroke, the American general withdrew not from his original scheme. Though opposed and held back by Major Gen. Charles Lee in his thought of assaulting the enemy’s rear guard near Monmouth Court House at New Jersey, Gen. Washington’s command remained steadfast in pressing his 5000 armed men to seize Gen. Clinton and defeat the British troops (Hickman). The patriotism that emerged with the leading character of Gen. Washington may be identified as one that consists of unshaken revolutionary prospect, with both heart and mind proceeding to work in unity. It occurred that while Lee was most likely thinking of the heavy losses ahead of them under the typical fear of Great Britain’s voluminous power, the general maintained inner strength by the inspiring principle of an independent nation that enabled him to carry on the violent pur suit of victory for the US without

Simon Cowell Essay Example for Free

Simon Cowell Essay Simon Cowell was born on October 7, 1959, in London, England. Cowell started his career in the music industry working in the mailroom at EMI Music Publishing. He worked as a record producer, talent scout and consultant within the music industry before producing the hit British TV show Pop Idol and its U.S. counterpart, American Idol. Cowells scathing comments were famous during his 10 seasons as a judge on American Idol. He started judging The X Factor in 2011. QUICK FACTS: OCCUPATION: Music Producer, Reality Television Star BIRTH DATE: October 07, 1959 (Age: 53) EDUCATION: Dover College PLACE OF BIRTH: London, United Kingdom FULL NAME: Simon Phillip Cowell, ZODIAC SIGN: Libra Early Career: Simon Phillip Cowell was born on October 7, 1959 in London, England. His father, Eric Philip Cowell, was an estate agent developer and music industry executive. His mother, Julie Brett, was a former ballet dancer and socialite. Cowell attended school at Dover College, but dropped out at 16. He floated in and out of jobs, sabotaging several interviews for jobs set up by his father. He finally landed a job at his fathers company as a mailroom clerk at EMI Music Publishing. He managed to earn a position as an assistant to an AR executive at EMI in 1979, where he was promoted and given the job of talent scout. Cowell left EMI during the early 1980s to form ES Music with his boss at EMI, Ellis Rich. The company created several hits, but Cowell left by mutual agreement a few years later. In 1985, he and a partner formed the independent label Fanfare Records, which enjoyed short-lived success. The company folded in 1989. In financial straits, Cowell was forced to move back in with his family. Undeterred, Cowell signed on as a consultant with BMG Records later that same year. He moved back into his own place, and gradually climbed the corporate ladder at BMG. He managed to sign a string of successful acts for the company, selling more than 150 million records and 70 top-charting singles in the UK and United States. | Sign In | Register MOBILE †¢ EMAIL UPDATES †¢ PEOPLE †¢ TV †¢ VIDEO †¢ PHOTOS †¢ GAME †¢ BLOG †¢ ON THIS DAY †¢ SHOP SEE WHATS ON TONIGHT! Mobsters Tune In Tuesdays @ 8/7c more sharing servicesshare Simon Cowell biography profile photos 1 photo QUICK FACTS NAME: Simon Cowell OCCUPATION: Music Producer, Reality Television Star BIRTH DATE: October 07, 1959 (Age: 53) EDUCATION: Dover College PLACE OF BIRTH: London, United Kingdom AKA: Simon Cowell FULL NAME: Simon Phillip Cowell ZODIAC SIGN: Libra BEST KNOWN FOR Simon Cowell is a record producer and television personality known for his scathing critical remarks as a judge on the television show, American Idol. QUIZ Think you know about Biography? Answer questions and see how you rank against other players. PLAY NOW Home †¢ People †¢ Simon Cowell Print Cite This Synopsis Simon Cowell was born on October 7, 1959, in London, England. Cowell started his career in the music industry working in the mailroom at EMI Music Publishing. He worked as a record producer, talent scout and consultant within the music industry before producing the hit British TV show Pop Idol and its U.S. counterpart, American Idol. Cowells scathing comments were famous during his 10 seasons as a judge on American Idol. He started judging The X Factor in 2011. CONTENTS Synopsis Early Career Pop Idol and American Idol The X Factor Industry Recognition Personal Life QUOTES In TV, film and music theres a lot of snobbery, and I dont like it. If I dont like French food, that doesnt make me a lesser person. – Simon Cowell Early Career Simon Phillip Cowell was born on October 7, 1959 in London, England. His father, Eric Philip Cowell, was an estate agent developer and music industry executive. His mother, Julie Brett, was a former ballet dancer and socialite. Cowell attended school at Dover College, but dropped out at 16. He floated in and out of jobs, sabotaging several interviews for jobs set up by his father. He finally landed a job at his fathers company as a mailroom clerk  at EMI Music Publishing. He managed to earn a position as an assistant to an AR executive at EMI in 1979, where he was promoted and given the job of talent scout. Cowell left EMI during the early 1980s to form ES Music with his boss at EMI, Ellis Rich. The company created several hits, but Cowell left by mutual agreement a few years later. In 1985, he and a partner formed the independent label Fanfare Records, which enjoyed short-lived success. The company folded in 1989. In financial straits, Cowell was forced to move back in with his family. Undeterred, Cowell signed on as a consultant with BMG Records later that same year. He moved back into his own place, and gradually climbed the corporate ladder at BMG. He managed to sign a string of successful acts for the company, selling more than 150 million records and 70 top-charting singles in the UK and United States. Pop Idol and American Idol In 2001, Cowell teamed up with Simon Fuller to produce a show in which the public chooses Britains next big music performance star. The show, Pop Idol, debuted in the UK and promised a BMG record deal to the winner. With Cowell as a judge notorious for reducing contestants to tears, the show was an instant success, drawing more than 10,000 would-be stars to audition for the show. The American version, American Idol, debuted in 2002, with Cowell once again judging alongside singer Paula Abdul and producer Randy Jackson. The show drew in a record number of viewers for Fox, in addition to producing pop stars Kelly Clarkson (2002), Ruben Studdard (2003), Fantasia Barrino (2004), Jennifer Hudson (2004), Carrie Underwood (2005), Taylor Hicks (2006), Jordin Sparks (2007) and David Cook (2008), among others. Cowell has become known for combining his music and television interests. He set up another company, SYCOtv, in 2002. The company created the television shows American Inventor, Americas Got Talent and X-Factor. The group also produces records for many of the performers on Cowells shows including albums for Leona Lewis and Il Divo. New point: In 2011, Cowell helped import his hit British series The X Factor to America. The show is a talent search that awards a $5 million recording contract to  the winner. Cowell even gave up his judging duties on American Idol to sit front and center at The X Factor auditions. Television viewers loved this competition, which proved to be a success in the ratings. Cowells fellow judges included legendary recording executive L.A. Reid, former American Idol judge and singer Paula Abdul, and singer Nicole Scherzinger of Pussycat Dolls fame. The X Factor kicked off its second season in September 2012 with a few line-up changes. Pop star Britney Spears and actress-singer Demi Lovato joined the show as judges, replacing Abdul and Scherzinger. For the third season, the series made yet another change to the members of the judges panel, replacing Reid and Spears for Kelly Rowland and Paulina Rubio. Mario Lopez also stepped in as the primary host for the show after co-hosting with Khloe Kardashian during the second season. Industry Recognition In 2004, Entertainment Weekly named Simon Cowell as one of the Top Entertainers of the Year. In 2006, he renewed his contract with American Idol for five more seasons; the deal gave him a yearly salary of $40 million. That same year, he was named Varietys UK Personality of the Year. In 2007, Cowell earned the No. 3 slot on the Forbes TV Faces List, and No. 21 on Forbes Celebrity 100 Power List. He also created an American Idol spin-off, Idol Gives Back, a two-episode special that helped to provide aid to children in Africa and the American poor. The show raised $76 million for charity. Personal Life Since his time on American Idol, Cowell has been romantically linked to several women in public relationships. Rumors began to swirl after Cowell was seen flirting with his Idol co-host Paula Abdul that the two were an item. However, both celebrities confirmed that they were merely friends, despite their chemistry on camera. In early 2010, Cowell announced that he was engaged to Idol makeup artist Mezghan Hussainy. The couple broke off their engagement in 2012, with Cowell saying, We came to the conclusion that Im a hopeless boyfriend. He also reportedly gave Hussainy a  £5million mansion in Beverly Hills as a parting gift. In December of the same year, Cowell confirmed that he was dating actress and model Carmen Electra. The relationship only lasted a few months, with Cowell confirming that the two  had separated in early 2013. In 2009, Cowell revealed that he had no intention of having children, stating, With kids, youve got a routine you cant escape from. Youve got to be up at a certain time, got to listen, when all you want to do is sit in a corner thinking. His position on kids softened three years later during an interview with AOL in 2012, during which he stated I do really, really like kids, because I can talk to them and listen toIve always dedicated all my life to work, and at 52, Ive probably missed the opportunity. Despite his views on parenthood, a source told US Weekly in July 2013 that Cowell was expecting his first child with Lauren Silverman, wife of his close friend Andrew Silverman. Although Andrew and Laura Silverman are technically still married, them. The problem has always been how much time you need to devote to bringing up kids. the source told Us Weekly that a divorce has been in the works for a while. Cowell has yet to comment on his alleged part in the high profile pregnancy.

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay

Projector Functions And Uses Computer Science Essay A projector is to display images from computer or laptop. The term wireless is used to describe how the projector receives the signal. Presentation projector always having wire mess up here and there, this is where wireless projector comes in. It solves the problem of wiring by transmitting without wire using wireless technology such as Bluetooth, radio frequency and Wi-Fi. By eliminating wiring problem, it will speed up the time of setting up through wire. This will also allow multiple users to be connected to projector at a time to present their content from their laptop. Installation of projector using wire is very costly because VGA cable is quite expensive when it comes to using long length of wire. Currently there are many types of projectors such as image projector, movie projector and etc. This project is about sending data wirelessly using radio frequency from a transmitter to receiver. This project will be using microcontroller that is connected to a PC. There will have 2 c ircuit boards that have a microcontroller each. The transmitting board will be the place where process the data that come from a PC that is an analog signal and it will be kept first in the memory that is a static ram. Then the data will pass through an encoder that will convert data information into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. For receiver board, data that is receive from radio frequency receiver will be decoded using decoder to reverse the format to the original form of data information. Like at the transmitting board, data will be stored in memory first then only it will send to digital to analog conversion to convert it into analog form. Lastly the data will be send to a projector. As for this project, projector will be replaced to CRT monitor. This is because projector and monitor are having the same VGA pin out connector. The VGA pin out connector is a DE15. Aim The aim for this project is to design a device that will transmit signal from a laptop/desktop to a presentation projector through wirelessly. Objectives To design a device that will interface to PC and a projector wirelessly. To research of RGB signaling and protocol. To research of various types of wireless of technology. To understand the functioning of the presentation projector. Product specification Specification Project Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 Power Supply 9V Type of Wireless Radio Frequency Module Wire Single Core Weight 300 Gram Type of Memory Static Ram Table 1: Product Specification CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Marketing survey Lindy Projector Server[1] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopprojector server.jpg Figure 1.0: VGA Extender Projector Server[1] The wireless VGA extender projector server allow connection to a projector either by using wire or wireless LAN. This is best application for PowerPoint and other presentation. Its wireless connection support up to 100m. Do not need to swap VGA cable between laptops. Presenter just have to connect their computers to server access point through wireless. It is very convenient. [1] Panasonic[2] Panasonic PT-LB10NTU Projector Figure 1.1: Panasonic PT-LB10NTU[2] It support for most wireless cards and it has a great quality image when is in presentation mode. It is very easy to setup and friendly user. The disadvantage of this projector is that it comes with only 1 type of connection cable that is VGA. The projector can be connected up to 4 users at a time with broad support, fast and easy. [2] Dell[3] C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorDesktopdell.jpg Figure 1.2: Dell S300wi[3] It is very rare to find a projector that has a multimedia audio. It is a short-throw projector type that can be projected in a short distance. This product does not need to be calibrated before using. It is best to use in a small to medium size room. It has one wireless connector that is an embedded WiFi. [3] Canon[4] Canon LV-8215 Projector Figure 1.3: Canon LV-8215[4] This product has a few of advantages; one of them is audio quality. It is a multimedia projector that is why audio quality, image quality and resolution are its advantages. When it comes to such good features, there will always have a bad side that is its fan is noisy and also need maintenance once in a while. [4] Casio[5] Casio XJ-S46 Projector Figure 1.4: Casio XJ-S46[5] A DLP projector that uses a wireless adapter to connector between laptop and projector. It has a wireless adapter so that allow wireless connection. It is easy to carry to anywhere due to its light weight. The projector has digital zoom feature. [5] Overall Product Cost and Specification Product name Lindy Panasonic Dell Canon Casio Type Projector server LCD projector DLP projector LCD projector DLP projector Specification -Compatible with all Windows but not Mac -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy setup -Wireless connection -Up to 4 laptops can be connected -Quick and easy to shut down and start up -For small to medium room -Wireless connection -Short-throw -Has an interactive pen -Short-throw projector -HDMI input -Up to 4-1 split-screen -3D projection -High contrast -Has DVI input -Blackboard mode -Soft carrying case -Very light weight -USB port -Soft carrying case Weakness -Only VGA connection -Projection mode does not support wireless audio -Presenting speed and image quality -Overloaded and distorted at maximum volume -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Very heavy -No digital zoom -Low contrast -Uses high power consumption Cost RM1600.00 RM602.00 RM3000.00 RM1673.90 RM3526.60 Comments -Not a projector but a server -Fast setup -Quite expensive -Fast setup -Quite cheap -Simultaneously project up to 4 different user screens -Very expensive -not good image quality -Very expensive Table 2: Overall product cost and specification [1][2][3][4][5] Component D-Subminiature[6] D-Subminiature or can be called D-Sub is universal type of electrical connector used in computer. D-Sub has a lot of series that every series has different number of pins. There are DA-15, DB-25, DC-37, DD-50 and DE-9.[6] http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/DSubminiatures.svg/250px-DSubminiatures.svg.png Figure 2.0: Different Pins Connector[6] Type DA-15 DB-25 DC-37 DD-50 DE-9 Pins 15 25 37 50 9 Table 2.1: Different type of D-sub From the table above, DB-25, DC-37 and DD-50 are not in consideration because laptop does not have this type of pin out. DE-9 has 9 pins and laptops do have the pin out but for monitor/projector, it only supports DA-15. Thats why for this project DA-15 will be used. DA-15 can be called DE-15 or also VGA connector is used because monitor and laptop both have pin in and pin out that support each other. [6] Microcontroller[7] Microcontroller is a device with hidden powerful ability to do a lot of thing. Nowadays most of electronic device has microcontroller inside them because it is use to process task. Due to its low voltage consumption and for its ability to run one specific program, it is usually chosen to use in project. The program generally is program by using a programmer and store in ROM (read-only memory). [7] Microcontroller PIC 16F877a PIC 18F4550 Basic Stamp I/O ports 33 35 16 RAM 368Bytes 2048 Bytes 32Bytes Flash Program Memory 8K 16K 2K Cost RM21 RM35 RM70 Table 2.2: Different type of microcontroller[7] From the table above, out of 3 comparisons basic stamp is the most not suitable for this project. This is because there are only a few I/O ports. It runs at a very slow speed and has small memory size. PIC 16F877a and PIC18F4550 is the 2 microcontroller can take into consideration. Memory[8] There are 2 types of memory which are volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory is storage where when power is off contents are erased. This is because of RAMs volatile nature that is why user must use hard drive to keep their work as a permanent medium in order to avoid losing data. DRAM and SRAM are both volatile memory that currently have in market. Device like computer ram is a volatile. Non-volatile memory is storage where when power is off the contents that is stored previously will still be there. Devices like hard drive and CMOS chip are example of non-volatile memory. Currently in market, ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM and PRAM that are non-volatile memory. Memory Volatile Memory Non-Volatile Memory Type DRAM, SRAM ROM, Flash memory, FeRAM, MRAM, PRAM Advantages -Mostly comes with a lifetime guarantee -Automatically store data -Data can be stored up to 10 years -Less costly -Data wont lost when power off Disadvantages -Data will lost when power off -Quite costly -User need to manually store data Table 2.3: Comparison of memory type[8] As for this project after analysis, it is best to go for volatile memory because this project does not need to store memory and retrieve after power off. After analyze and decided to go for volatile memory, there are DRAM and SRAM to choose from. DRAM stands for dynamic random access memory and SRAM is static random access memory. In this project, SRAM is chosen because it does not need to keep refreshed over time which DRAM needs a constant refreshing. This I s because DRAM store its memory as charge leaks which information needs to be read and written every few milliseconds. Memory X28HC256PZ-15 CY62256LL-70PXC AT29LV256-20JC Type EEPROM SRAM FLASH Mounting Through hole Through hole Surface mount Density 256k 256k 256k Operating Voltage 5V 5V 3.3V Pin Count 28 28 32 Number of Bits per Word 8bit 8bit 8bit Interface Type Parallel Parallel Parallel Manufacturer Intersil Cypress Atmel Table 2.4: Comparison of memory available[8] From the table above, most of the specification above is nearly the same. Memory that is produce by Atmel is out of consideration because the operating voltage is 3.3V that is not suitable for this project. The mounting way is surface mount making this project not that suitable because there is no equipment to solder it onto PCB. This memory has too many pin count too which cannot be supported by PIC18F4550. Cypress and Intersil memory are the exact same specification but the memory that is used in this project is Cypress memory. This is because Intersil memory is EEPROM type. In this project, it does not need to store any data after power down so making SRAM is the best choice due to its nature. Wireless Wireless is a transferring data method without using any wire over certain distance. Some distance is just a short distance and some can goes up to very far away. Nowadays wireless is the most communication way for telecommunication method. There are a few ways of transmitting wirelessly such as: Infrared(IR) Radio Frequency(RF) Bluetooth Wi-Fi Wireless Technology Infrared Radio Frequency Bluetooth Distance Short Vary Medium Line of sight Yes No No Table 2.5: Comparison of Different Technology There are modules available for this technology. From table above, this project best technology fit to use is radio frequency. Modules that available in market are: Modules Type Security Distance Speed Communication way Price IR module Infrared Medium Short Slow 1 Way Cheap RF module Radio frequency Medium Medium Medium 1Way Medium Zigbee Radio frequency Medium Medium Fast 2Ways Expensive Table 2.6: Comparing wireless modules From the table above, this project will be using RF module. Zigbee has a faster speed than RF module but from price and communication aspect, it is quite expensive and this project does not need 2 ways communication. This project just needs to send data signal to the receiver only. CHAPTER 3: Methodology General Block Diagram Microcontroller PIC 18F4550 RF module Memory Laptop VGA cable Monitor Figure 3.0: General Block Diagram Figure above showing the overall diagram of what this project has. Monitor will be device where it display whatever shown at the laptop. Before the display can be shown at monitor, the data signal need to pass through the output video graphic array (VGA) connector that has 15 pins which can also be called DB15. Memory is to store the data signal so that the data can be kept and synchronize before going to transmitting device. This is to make sure the data is send correctly. There will be also radio frequency module which will help transmitting data signal through wirelessly. General Flow Chart Start Radio frequency module Digital to Analog Conversion PIC Analog to Digital Conversion Display at monitor Get Laptop signal Figure 3.1: General Flow Chart The flow chart above is showing the way a laptop send its on screen image wirelessly to the receiver side which is a monitor. Laptop will constantly send image to microcontroller which will be kept in memory of its data to enable of synchronize when transmitting wirelessly. When it captures 7500 bits then it will send to encoder to convert into a standard format or code and transmit by using radio frequency. At the receiver side, it will constantly receive the data signal then keep in the memory. When it store up till 7500 bits, microcontroller will automatically synchronize into a code and send to monitor to display. Project Signal Overview Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital Digital R, G, B, HSync, VSync Analog/ Digital Laptop Microcontroller Memory Microcontroller Encoder Transmitter Microcontroller Decoder Memory Microcontroller Monitor Receiver Digital Digital Digital Analog/ Digital Figure 3.2: Signal Overview Basically this figure above showing an overview of what type of signal when it reaches at certain hardware. There are 2 places where analog signal can only be detected which are from laptop to microcontroller and before it show the screen of laptop user. This is because signal that comes out from VGA port has red, green, blue, Hsync, and Vsync. Hsync and Vsync are the only signal that runs at 5voltage which are transistor-transistor logic (TTL) signal. The color signals are analog. This signal will pass through analog to digital converter which microcontroller itself has the function. From microcontroller to RF module, all the signals are in digital. Before display the laptop on screen display at receiver side, it will pass through digital to analog converter because monitor is uses VGA port which are analog. Microcontroller Figure 3.3: PIC 18F4550 PIC 18F4550 is a low voltage and 40 pins microcontroller from Microchip. It is a flash high performance PIC which has two-speed oscillator start-up. It has 35 input and output ports and up to 13 ADC module. It has also 32kbytes flash program memory, SRAM of 2048bytes and EEPROM of 256bytes. Early few months ago, this project started out with PIC 16F877a. After some intensive of testing out to get output of image from PIC 16F877a, there is no image shown. Hence PIC 18F4550 become the next PIC to act as a microcontroller. This is because 16F877a with oscillator of 20 MHz, the speed of microcontroller couldnt match up with the speed of VGA cable signal. Now with this PIC 18F4550, oscillator of 40 MHz is used. In this project the port are use as follow: Port A (1-5) and Port B (0-7): This port A (1-5) and port B (0-7) connected to memorys address lines which are A0-A12. Port D (0-7): This Port D (0-7) is connected to memory data lines which are the I/O port. Port E (0-2): This Port E (0-2) is connected to memory control lines which are chip enable, write enable and output enable. All of this control lines are active low. Port C (4-5): This Port C (4-5) are vertical sync and horizontal sync. Port A (0): This Port A is the input of either red, green or blue pin from laptop. The color pin out from laptop is connected to A0 of this PIC is because pin A0 and pin A1 are the only pin available for analog to digital converter (ADC). VDD: This pin is connected to a voltage regulator which is LM 7805. This has to be connected to LM7805 to make sure the voltage does not go over 5V. Vss: This pin surely has to be connected to ground if not the microcontroller will not work. OSC1 and OSC2: It is connected to a 40MHz crystal. Without this crystal, this project will not work. Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) Analog to digital conversion is a way to convert a signal from analog to digital so that the microcontroller can read the signal. After converting to digital, the signal will become either logic 1 or logic 0. Example on how to convert an analog signal input of 8 bit: x 255 = Voltage value per step Example RGB voltage x 255 = 35.7 Then convert into binary 35 = 00100011 (binary) Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) C:Documents and SettingsAdministratorMy DocumentsMy PicturesIMG_0405.jpg Figure 3.4: Resistor Ladder Resistor ladder can be constructed by using a set of resistors of 2 values while another resistor double. For this project, resistor ladder is used as digital to analog conversion. Figure above is the fully constructed resistor ladder. It is a R/2R resistor network. This resistor ladder can increase its number of bits by adding more resistor network. To prove the ADC and DAC formula match, here is the example of formula. Example on how to convert digital to analog of 8bit: = Voltage value per step Step x Voltage value per step = Analog output voltage So from the formula above, now to prove the formula is correct by using previous analog result: = 0.0196V 36 x 0.0196 = 0.686V (approximate 0.7V) From the calculation, it is proven that the formula for ADC and DAC is correct. RGB Theory Video RGB and YCbCr are the typical digital signals. The typical order of decreasing video quality is: HDMI (Digital YCbCr) HDMI (Digital RGB) Analog YPbPr Analog RGB Analog S-Video Analog composite Video is always considered as continuous picture motion but actually it is a sequence of still images due to rapid changing that it looks like nonstop picture motion. The typical video refresh rate is 50 or 60 times per second for consumer video and 70 to 90 times per second for computer. The vertical and horizontal sync information is usually transferred in one of three ways: Separate horizontal and vertical sync signals. Separate composite sync signal. Composite sync signal embedded within the video signal. Most CRT based displays are still interlaced while LCD, plasma and computer displays are progressive. Enhanced-definition video is usually defined as having 480 or 576 progressive active scan lines and is commonly called 480p and 576 respectively. Interlaced and enhanced-definition is progressive is standard-definition. Figure 3.5: Progressive displays Figure 3.6: Interlaced displays Color spaces A three dimensional, Cartesian coordinate system is use to represent Red, Green, Blue that are the three primary additive colors. Figure 3.7: The RGB color cube The figure above showing RGB values for 100% amplitude, 100% saturated color bars. It is use for common video test signal. Table 3.0: RGB color bars Video Timing Background Every VGA connector consist of 5 main data signals which is needed to display an image. The following are the 5 data signals: Red Green Blue Horizontal sync Vertical sync Red, green and blue signals is an analog type of signal. This signals carry pixel data in it. Horizontal and vertical sync is to provide information of timing for the monitor so those monitors display the pixel data correctly. Figure 3.8: Horizontal Timing The figure above shows that the timing of the video data and horizontal data signal. The blanking interval means that there is no video data signal is been send. Every monitor will use horizontal blanking interval to check on horizontal sync pulse. There are 3 characteristics of horizontal pulse: Front porch Back porch Pulse width Front porch is to check on the delay of initial edge and the end of video signal of sync pulse. Delay of the first piece of data and the final edge of signal of sync pulse for the next scanline is back porch. Pulse width is the period of time that sync signal is asserted. Figure 3.9: Vertical Timing The figure above is video frame which also video data with vertical sync. Its basically the same thing with horizontal except for vertical then is video frame. VGA connector Pin Name Signal Direction Description 1 Red à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red data 2 Green à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green data 3 Blue à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue data 4 ID2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 2 5 GND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Ground 6 RGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Red ground 7 GGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Green ground 8 BGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Blue ground 9 Key . No pin 10 SGND à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Sync ground 11 ID0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 0 12 ID1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 1 13 HSync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Horizontal sync 14 Vsync à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Vertical sync 15 ID3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Monitor ID bit 3 Table 3.1: Pin Description Output signal from laptop Input signal to laptop Figure above is showing the pin description and the direction of the signal is going. Encoder Decoder Figure 3.10: Encoder 2262 Figure 3.11: Decoder 2272-L6 Encoder Below is a table for encoder PTC 2262: Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to encode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the encoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 TE I Transmission Enable. Active low trigger. Encode when ground or plug out OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data is sent by serial transmitting through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.2: Encoder description Decoder Below is a table for decoder PTC 2272-L6 Pin Name I/O Description A0~A5 I Pin 0 to pin 5 is address. These pin is to decode and bit 0 to bit 5. Logic 0, logic 1 or floating is set by the pin A6/D5~A11/D0 I Address pin or data pin is 7,8,12,13. Bit 6 to bit 11 is to determine the decoded waveform. It can be set as logic 0, logic 1, or floating. When data pins is used then only logic 1 or log 0 VT O Transmission receive. Active high trigger. When logic 1 means receive OSC1 O Oscillator Pin no.1( A resistor have to connected between OSC1 and OSC2 to determine the frequency) OSC2 I Oscillator Pin no.2 Dout O Data output pin. The encoded data will be serially transmitted through this pin. Vcc Voltage supply Vss Ground Table 3.3: Decoder Description Encoder is use to convert the data information into a standard format or code so that it is easier to send. This can allow the data information to be compress into a code word. Signal Resistor Oscillator Resistors have to be connected to osc1 and osc2 pin at both encoder and decoder so that the resistor will set the oscillation. Below is the recommended resistor value for both encoder and decoder: Encoder 2262 Decoder 2272-L6 4.7Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 820kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 3.3Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 680kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ Table 3.4: Oscillator for encoder and decoder F = From this formula, the best suitable resistor value for fastest speed when transmit is 1.2Mà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦ and 200kà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¦. Code word A code word is consisting of 8 address, 4 data and 1 sync. This adds up into 13 bits. Figure 3.12: Code Word Figure 3.13: Address/data bit waveform The figure above is showing address bit waveform that has been encoded. Radio Frequency Module http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/pcr1a.gif http://www.ananiahelectronics.com/fs100a.gif Figure 3.14: Receiver Figure 3.15: Transmitter The radio frequency transmitter has 3 pins. From the figure above, the transmitter has 1 ground, 1 power supply pin and 1 data pin. Receiver has 1 ground, 1 power supply and 2 data pins. Both transmitting and receiving device have to be the same frequency so that the signals data can be send n receive. Every wireless transmission, there will be encoding and decoding technique that is vary from every device. Encoding is to ensure that the information that will be send wirelessly is secure as in security and not disturb by other same device that has same frequency. Memory (RAM) Memory which can be separated into 2 types which are volatile and non-volatile memory. In chapter 2 already explain what is volatile and non-volatile. This project uses 2 memory which are 1 at transmitting and 1 at receiving. The following are the pin definitions for this memory: Pin Number Type Description 1-10, 21, 23-26 Input A0-A14 are address inputs. 11-13, 15-19 Input/Output I/O0-I/O7 are data lines. It is used as inputs and output lines depending on the operation. 27 Input/Control When WE is selected to be low, a write is conducted. When high is selected, a read is conducted. 20 Input/Control When CE is low, chip is selected. When high, chip is selected. 22 Input/Control Output enable. Controls the direction of the I/O pins. When low, the I/O pins behave as outputs. When deasserted high, I/O pins are three-stated and act as input data pins 14 Ground Ground for device 28 Power Supply Power supply for device Table 3.5: Memory Description Software Flow Chart Transmitter Start Capture frame 8 times Write into memory Capture 7500 bits? Transmit wirelessly Yes No Figure 3.16: Transmitter First the laptop will send out bit of red, green and blue with the sync bit. This bit that is in analog will convert into digital once it reach inside microcontroller. Then the microcontroller will write the frames that is capture 8 times into memory. It will check has it capture 7500 bits or not if not then the microcontroller will keep on capturing. After that once 7500 bits obtain then microcontroller will read from memory and send through wirelessly at transmitting side. Receiver Checking for wireless signal Write into memory Receive 7500 bits? Display at monitor End Yes No Figure 3.17: Receiver The receiver will keep on checking for wirelessly signal. Once it obtains the signal then will write into the memory. The microcontroller will constantly check whether it has receive 7500 bits. Once it reach 7500 bits then the monitor will display image. CHAPTER 4: Analysis and Testing RGB Timing

Support Worker Project Worker Social Work Essay

Support Worker Project Worker Social Work Essay I am a support worker/project worker in a supported housing unit in Nottingham for thirteen female young people between the ages of 16 -25 years who are usually referred from Housing Aid. The service users are homeless, some with a background of domestic breakdown and some have come out of the care system. The basic needs of the service users were addressed in an interview. After referral from Housing Aid an initial assessment of need is undertaken, which covers several needs: physical and wellbeing, such as any medication or health concerns? The young person may smoke or even have drug or alcohol issues and these will be on the referral form. The young persons mental health will then be examined and occasionally there may be additional reports from social workers or schools. High risk service users such as ex-offenders can be referred and these cases may involve probation workers. Mary is 18 years old with Portuguese parents who are separated. Marys father lives in the West Midlands and her mother lives in Nottingham. Mary lived with her mother and father for a while and then decided to live with her father. On school holidays Mary stayed with her mother. Mary was assaulted by her father at the early age of 10 years old; he hit her with a belt and with a metal bar, which resulted in Mary being placed in care after police and social services involvement. Her friend who lives in Wales is her closest contact but does not see her regularly. She does have other friends; however she avoids them because of their criminal behaviour (Appendix 1). The needs of young women arriving at the project are further assessed through another informal interview and young women are welcomed. The care package offered to young women who arrive at the hostel involves signing a tenancy agreement giving them their accommodation in the project. Each young woman has a self-contained flat within the project with a bedroom, kitchen and bathroom. Most accommodation costs are met through housing benefits. If the young person is working they pay part of the service after assessment. Mary came to the UK with her family when she was young. They applied for British citizenship but did not pass it over to Mary. As she is an EU citizen, be able to be eligible for housing (Appendix1) The educational needs of the young person are examined. Basic needs in numeracy and literacy are assessed. Personal, social development and health are also taken into account and the young persons ability to budget their money. QUOTE .Without project intervention, many young people would be homeless and at great risk of exploitation and/or bad health. An important skill for this type of intervention is listening or active listening Verbal and non-verbal skills are needed in order to establish a rapport and good relationship between worker and service user. A person centred approach using listening skills and asking questions helps the service users clarify own thoughts, avoiding authoritarian language, and treating people as equal encourages them to think and act for themselves. The importance of engaging young people is to build relationships of trust and developing strategies to work towards change. It is also important to be empathic when engaging with the young person to encourage conversation. All personal feelings are left outside the workplace in order to be professional and maintain boundaries. QUOTE Rogers here Values are used in everyday language to refer to religion, moral, political or ideological principles, beliefs or attitudes (Banks, 2001). Harrison et al (2010) states youth work is informed by a set of beliefs and helps young people to develop their own set of values. Anti-oppressive The NAOMIE framework is used to identify the needs of the young people Ingram et al, 2001). This tool is used to identify the young peoples need and works well. This has identified some of the barriers in anti -discriminatory practice on working together on issues of inequality, discrimination and oppression (Thompson, 1994). Mary attended weekly support sessions, however, at the time of the first key session, Mary had missed four appointments with Access College which raised concern about her behaviour. I learnt Mary had doubts about being able to apply herself to her educational needs, which affected her Job seekers allowance (JSA). Her service charges were paid by direct deductions from her benefits. Mary will need support in budgeting and has agreed to set up a budgeting plan with her next payment. I agreed to meet with her for a one to one session. In order to probe further into the reasons for not attending I identified motivational interviewing as the best method for Mary (Appendix 2). As a support worker I identified links within the project to refer to external agencies, such as social services and welfare agencies. I was informed from staff that her Keyworker had contact the department of working pensions (DWP) about her JSA payment s has stopped. This was due to poor attendances in college she has missed a couple of appointments. In terms of theory I used communication skills with empathy by getting to know Marys situation at using listening skills about what is say I engaged in the conversation How is your day? which I offer refreshments which is an informal way to build a rapport relationship(Egan,2002). I used listening skills I do to develop the relationship with Mary? Why did I choose a particular intervention wit Mary? Cooking activity What is the effect of this on practice? The interventions application in practice is confidentiality Equal opportunity The theoretical underpinning of the intervention I used the PCS Model by Thompson (0000) demonstrates on how oppression looks at society through institutions are supported by cultural norms and personal beliefs. Being a support worker supporting her with learning tools that challenge oppression. By engaging using wider policy objectives it is a person centred base; will openly discuss within a safe environment amongst their peers and focus on building ones confidence; reassurance within a group, as well as maintaining the learners concentration. In terms of Personal: Young person 18years old was placed in care after police and social services involvement. Mary came to the UK with her family when she was young. There was no communication between her families and she has left school with low attainment s and poor attendances. In terms of Cultural: Being homeless within the community she is sharing her thoughts and feelings with different groups. Mary has friends whom she avoids now as they are getting into criminal behaviour and friends who are not into trouble. In relations of Structural: a network of divisions such as Connexions, Social Services, Health, and Local Authority. Barriers relates to ethical practice to identify form to anti-discriminatory practice to work together on issues of inequality, discrimination and oppression (Thompson, 1994). Mary is referred to floating support has continuing support from social services. Mary has a leaving care worker, called Susie who visits her from time to time (Appendix1). In terms of social policy, the housing project, as an intervention, is in some ways effective Current social policy is underpinned by legislation to protect and uphold rights and responsibilities around the vulnerable service users at the project. Acts like Welfare Reform Act DATE, Housing/Homelessness Act DATE, Equal Opps legislation, Race Relations Act DATE, Disability Discrimination Act DATE. This legislation which forms social policy is outworked through the projects policies and procedures. In terms of Marys experience at the project she has been mainly served well. She was homeless and had experienced sexual assault by a close male relative. This caused her to be brought under the care of the local authority and list how ANY OTHER THEORISTS THAT NEED MENTIONING HERE? In terms of anti-oppressive practise Mary has had a positive experience by going through the project. I have identified List how In reflecting on the experiences Mary had at the project, I believe her experiences have been largely positive and effective for her on her cultural background Explain how Be Critical explains the limitations to the intervention and the positive aspects to the intervention. What worked? What didnt? What should be changed? In terms of practice in relation to risk, resilience, Social and cultural aspects and government policyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The environment has an impactà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Young people engaging with their communities are important aspect of resilience and keeping young people safe. Future action

Al Capone Biography :: Biography

Al Capone was an Italian criminal working the streets of America. He started his life with petty crime in Brooklyn, New York. After escalating his way up in Brooklyn, Capone moved to Chicago for bigger and better things. There Capone had prominence supremacy as one of the giant bootlegging forerunners. His collected and composed ways, made crime into a business that we see in today's mafia. Capone changed crime into a profession, which in turn made it a business. The word mob or mafia is a title that is often heard. When the name Capone is associated with the title, most people think of Capone as the true influence of the mob or mafia today. Capone was a man who of the many prohibition leaders, lead the way for the mafia in the early 19 hundreds. Due to the prohibition era, Al Capone transformed the mafia into today's business like criminal organization. Organized crime in the 19th century, was an ever booming scene for the average citizen. Since the 19th century, crime and business seemed to have gone hand in hand since the prohibition days of Capone. Long before Al Capone became involved in bootlegging, his excitement in life was the economic opportunity of being a gangster on the streets. As soon as Capone reached the legal age of fourteen, he dropped out of school to live this economic dream of making money as a gangster on the streets. 1.Al Capone was convinced that the opportunities for personal advancement and material success were not available through legitimate means, and so Capone turned toward the crime profession of bootlegging. Capone was a smart man with a mission. 2.His mission was to succeed as a criminal in a business like matter. Although prohibition was clearly illegal, Capone used his prohibition as a business. His attire was that of a rich business man, along with his ways of talking were also that of a business man. Everything Capone did was set to flow like a business, and prohibition help him act out his business ways. Capone used prohibition to 3.make over a modern city for his own use, and lived off it as blatantly and richly as a caesar of Rome. This edict that Capone presented, seem to have establish the standards for the ways of the mafia today. With this method of doing business, it would only dispense the mafia with more control over meaningful people in their pursuit of organized crime both then and now. 4.There are several cases on record about Capone in which the cases became more clearer when put in the light of an analysis of how the mafia enterprise

Berlin Wall Piece :: Sam Shepard

A Piece of History A seventh grader asks his dad about the eighties. Unfortunately his dad can't remember anything about the eighties;and the older sister helps him remember the past. â€Å"Berlin Wall Piece,† by Sam Shepard is a story where a small piece of concrete helps a crazy father remember his modern history. A theme for the story would be: how a small piece of history can bring back so many old memories and controversies. When the story first opens up, a seventh grader is interviewing his father for his social studies class. The father is being questioned by his own son or daughter. The story does not reveal the sex of the youngest child. The father is unaware of the past; he can't remember absolutely nothing. The youngest child is confused, and cannot understand why his father can't help him. The father explains to the child that there was nothing important going in the eighties. The most important and significant thing for his father was the birth of his two children and his wife. The rest of it was lies, trash, and insignificant things the world had offered him. The truth was that nothing more matter to him than his children and wife. He had everything in the world he could ever wish for. The young child could not understand his fathers intentions to his answers. It was all a big mystery. During the story his father tries to remember the moments he lived in the eighties; but nothing came to mind. It was like if he was never born. He knew nothing, everything was erased from his mind. Thankfully the oldest child knew much more than the father did. She could remember everything, she had an incredible memory. She helped out her younger sibling by telling her stories of the eighties. She knew a lot. She was a very smart girl who was just a year or so older than the younger child. She also knew political stuff that happened during the eighties. Like when she got a piece of the Berlin Wall that was destroyed back in the eighties. The younger child did not believe this was true. On the other hand the father was unaware of this. He was confused, he couldn't remember when his own child had visited the Berlin Wall. The older sister was amazed by his father's poor memory. She brought down a piece of the Berlin Wall from her bedroom.

The Grand Canyon Railway

One interesting feature of the southwestern United States is the area known as the â€Å"Four Comers. † the only place in the United States where four slates meet at one point. Within the 130,000 square miles of the Colorado Plateau in this region lie many wonders of nature. The plateau contains eight national parks, twenty national monuments, as well as numerous other nationally designated areas and huge tracts of national forests. This wealth of natural features and the cultures of the various Native American tribes in the region have made the area an important destination for tourists, especially those interested in natural history and culture. The â€Å"crown jewel† for this region is generally considered to be the Grand Canyon, one of the seven natural wonders of the world. This wonder of nature is 190 miles long, one mile deep, and between 4 and 18 miles wide. The Grand Canyon covers 1. 900 square miles of the Colorado Plateau and is home to 1,000 species of plants 250 species of birds and 70 species of animals. A number of Native American tribes are found in the region of the Grand Canyon, including the Hualapai, Hopi. Navajo and Havasupai (who live on the floor of a side canyon) The principal attraction to visitors is the sheer size and beauty of the canyon itself. The walls of the Grand Canyon are made up of many layers of rock, with widely varying textures, colors, and hues. This panorama of nature changes by the season, weather, and time of day. Generally, the morning and late afternoon offer the most striking views for visitors to the canyon. The South Rim in Grand Canyon National Park (Grand Canyon NP) is open year-round, whereas the North Rim (also in the park) is closed in winter. In the summer months, Grand Canyon NP becomes quite crowded with visitors and motor vehicles. Consideration is being given by the National Park Service to ban vehicles from the park and move visitors around the park by shuffle buses. Williams, Arizona, serves as one important â€Å"jumping off† point for visitors traveling to Grand Canyon NP, with the South Rim of the canyon only fifty-nine miles north of the town. Williams is closely identified with travel to the canyon and has even registered the trademark â€Å"The Gateway to the Grand Canyon,† which no others may use. At an elevation of 6,800 feet, Williams, by itself, has many attractions in the town and surrounding area such as lakes for swimming and fishing, horseback iding, and a downtown listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The surrounding Kaibab National Forest in the vicinity of Williams offers opportunities for camping, fishing, and hiking for both visitors and resident alike. The town has for many years been an important transportation hub for both rail and highway. Williams is closely identified with Route 66, also known as the â€Å"Mother Road,† that connected Chicago, Illinois and Santa Monica, California, long before the interstate highway system was developed. Williams has the last stretch of the original Route 66 bypassed by the interstate system (in this case, 1-40). Even before highways became highly developed, Williams has served as a railroad terminal (since 1882) for the forerunners of the Atchison, Topeka, & the Santa Fe Railroad (Santa Fe) the latter continues to serve the town today with freight-only service. The most popular way for visitors to get from cither Williams or Flagstaff (thirty-two miles to the east) to Grand Canyon NP is by motor vehicle, although the pending restrictions on vehicles might be expected to change this somewhat. An attractive alternative for some visitors is to travel between Williams and the Grand Canyon by rail. The Grand Canyon Railway (GCRy) offers this option with one round-trip per day. This rail service, which operates purely as a tourist railroad, began operations in September 1989 and has provided daily service since that day (except for December 24 and 25). Historically, rail service on this line began much earlier but passenger service was abandoned in the 1960s due to economic pressures from the automobile. Freight service from the Santa Fe was abandoned in 1974, with no work performed on the track between Williams and the Grand Canyon until 1989. The work to get the GCRy running was monumental, because all engines and passenger cars had to be acquired and completely rebuilt. In addition, the depot at Williams and the adjoining Fray Marcos Hotel were in need of substantial refurbishing. In the depot, operating offices, ticket offices, a waiting room, and souvenir shop are found. All of this work was accomplished in a span of seven months to be ready for the September 1989 opening. Today, the GCRy provides an interesting and nostalgic way for visitors to travel to the canyon. During the summer months, daily round-trip rail service is provided by steam locomotive, and in the winter diesel locomotives are used due to the severity of weather conditions. For all service, passengers travel in railcars that date from 1923 and are reconditioned to approximate that time period. Departure from Williams is at 9:30 A. M. and arrival at Grand Canyon NP is at 11:45 A. M. , in the center of the park's historic district at the 1910 Grand Canyon Depot. The train departs from the Grand Canyon at 3:15 P. M. and arrives back in Williams at 5:30 P. M. No smoking is allowed on the train in â€Å"any of the railcars. Reservations can be made by calling a toll-free number, 1-800-THE TRAIN. Information about the train ride, but not reservations, is available on the railroad's website, wvw. thetrain. com. Different classes of serviceareoffered to travelers, depending on the fare paid and the car in which a passenger rides. The basic coach service is priced â€Å"at $49. 50 per adult and $19. 50 per child. Snacks are available for purchase; Diet Coke and Coke are complimentary in this class, with the latter served in GCRy keepsake bottles. Club Class, which includes the availability of alcoholic beverages and complimentary coffee and pastries in the morning, is priced at an additional $14. 50. The Coconino Main Class provides recliner chairs, a full continental breakfast, appetizers and champagne in the afternoon and the availability of alcoholic beverages for an additional $49. 50 per person. Coconino Dome Class represents a further upgrade. The service level is the same as Coconino Main Class, but passengers ride in an upper level enclosed dome which provides unsurpassed views of the surrounding landscape. The highest class of service, Chief Class, is provided in a railcar with an open-air rear platform; complimentary continental breakfast, coffee, tea, and juice are provided in the morning and champagne and appetizers in the afternoon. This class of service is priced at an additional $64. 50 per person. For all classes, the entrance fee to Grand Canyon NP is an additional charge. Oilier services are also available from the GCRy for additional charges. Continental breakfast is served in the terminal for $5. 95 per person until the train departs. Narrated motorcoach tours of the South Rim of the Grand Canyon are available from the Fred Harvey Transportation Company (the concessionaire for Grand Canyon NP) of varying lengths, some of which include lunch. Packages are available which may include one or two nights at the Fray Marcos Hotel in Williams and one night at a hotel in Grand Ganyon NP. During the ride from/to Williams many natural and man-made venues can be seen. There is formal narration for some of these venues and a printed guide is available for purchase, which describes these sights and provides a history of the GCRy. Interestingly only a very limited view of the Grand Ganyon is available from the train just as it arrives at and departs from the park. In Coach Class, each railcar has an attendant who serves beverages (Coke and Diet Coke), goes around with snacks for sale, and engages in conversations with the passengers. During the summer, many of these attendants are college students on break from their studies. The Grand Canyon Railway uses costumed performers in a number of different ways to simulate an earlier time period. Before the train departs from Williams, performers stage an â€Å"Old West† gunfight, just as was found some 100 years ago, Performers also move among the railcars: often singing songs of the â€Å"Old West, during the trip to the Grand Canyon. Passengers are encouraged to sing along with the performers. All of the performers are costumed in the' type of dress found at the â€Å"turn-of-the-century. † On the return trip, the activities are slightly different. A group of performers stage a train robbery, just as was found during earlier times in the southwestern United States. Passengers are included in portions of the action, but none are actually robbed. Eventually, the sheriff captures the train robbers and takes them away to be put in jail. Passengers, especially younger children, enjoy this activity, which makes the trip back to Williams seem much shorter than it actually is. The other activity that some engage in is to take a nap, because many are fired due to their activities at the high altitude and in the low humidity of the Colorado Plateau. A recent survey conducted by the GCRy found that many passengers rate their train trip experience as excellent. Perhaps just as important, these passengers say that they would recommend the GCRy trip to friends. Additionally, the most satisfied passengers were likely to return again. Passenger satisfaction derives from the varied experiences received during the round-trip ride and the Grand Canyon itself wish the latter experience not under control of the GCRy but rather the National Park Service. ?This case was prepared by Dr. Fredrick M. Collision and is intended for classroom use. The situations portrayed here do not imply either effective or ineffective management on the pun of the Grand Canyon Railway. The cast: was written based on published materials of the railroad, the National Park Service, the, Williams-Grand Canyon News and the author's personal experience.

Finding Forrester †Opening Questions Essay

Q1. We learn about the type of people who live in the neighborhood. It sets up the stereotype of young black youth living in the Bronx, New York. It shows the setting as a city with high-rise buildings and people who are not in wealth. It shows the struggles they have to go thorough. Q2. The two main characters are Jamal and William Forrester. Jamal is a young African-American boy who lives in the Bronx. He is a very intelligent person and just does enough at school to not stand out because he knows his friends will not accept him for his intelligence. He does a test and receives test scores that show how smart he actually is. This catches attention from a private school and he is offered a scholarship. He clashes with William Forrester by the man looking out his window spying on Jamal and his friends playing basketball. Jamal breaks into his apartment and is scared of by William. His backpack falls off and is left in the apartment. William goes through his bag and emulates his writing pieces. The bag is given back to Jamal and he wants to be taught how to write better from William. Q3. It tells us how the boys speculate the window is ‘bad news’. They talk about how they should stay away from the window. They cogitate about a ghost in the window and come to a conclusion that some of the boys will go inside the apartment to see the mystery behind the window. Q4. We find out that the apartment is darkened and is not a friendly place. There are unusual items around the house and has been darkened on purpose to show us how it’s a mysterious place. This was done by the director to cause us to think it’s not a inviting place to live. Q5. It shows us that he knows how the man is judging him because of background where he is from and by his race’s past. It also shows us how intelligent Jamal is and how he is much smarter than his circumstances betray him. Q6. The director made us wait until 25 minutes to see the window because it builds suspense and questions the audience to think about what it is like. This makes the audience fall further into the movie causing them to keep their eyes glued onto the screen. This means the movie will keep them engaged and which makes people enjoy the movie much more. This means the movie will be a success.

Economics and Sino-Japanese Relations

Sino Japanese Relations in the 20th Century Relations between China and Japan are contradictory; they both rely heavily on each other economically, but they are distrustful of each other and there are huge cultural and political tensions between them. Japan helped provide infrastructure that allowed for the rapid industrialization of China, and if it were not for all of the foreign trade opportunities in China, Japan’s economy could have collapsed. At the same time however, China is still offended by the massive massacres and inhumane acts committed by the Japanese.Japan’s government is also very weary, and almost threatened, by China’s continuing growth economically, politically, and militarily. Despite the fact that China and Japan rely on each other economically and are so similar culturally, relations remain tense because of unresolved historical issues. The relationship between China and Japan really began to sour after Japan became industrial and imperialis tic during the mid nineteenth century. This period, known as the Meiji restoration, changed Japan from a feudal society to a more capitalist one.Japan’s military was also greatly strengthened during this time, and taking after the British and other western ideas, began to occupy China. This led to the First Sino-Japanese war in 1894. At the time, China was still relatively weak and a very primitive country compared to the new imperial Japan. This war was fought mainly over control of the Korean peninsula and was easily won by the powerful Japanese military. This wasn’t a particularly bloody or violent war, but it was the first incident that caused China to think negatively of Japan.Japan’s imperialism continued throughout the twentieth century, but never turned into a full out war until the Second Sino-Japanese war in 1937. The Second Sino-Japanese war was one of the most brutal wars in Asian history, and it is a significant root cause for the bad relations betw een China and Japan. This is mostly due to The Rape of Nanking, which was a gruesome mass murder and war rape committed by the Japanese in 1937. The Rape of Nanking occurred during a six-week period after the Japanese took over the city of Nanking (the capital of China at the time).During this time, the Japanese military proceeded to kill hundreds of thousands of civilians, and rape tens of thousands of innocent women. In fact, the acts of violence were so unnecessary and horrid, that this is also known as the â€Å"forgotten holocaust of world war two†. Pregnant women were often a target of murder, and they would often be bayoneted in the stomach, sometimes after rape. Tang Junshan, a survivor and witness to one of the Japanese army’s systematic mass killings, testified: The seventh and last person in the first row was a pregnant woman.The soldier thought he might as well rape her before killing her, so he pulled her out of the group to a spot about ten meters away. A s he was trying to rape her, the woman resisted fiercely  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The soldier abruptly stabbed her in the belly with a bayonet. She gave a final scream as her intestines spilled out. Then the soldier stabbed the fetus, with its umbilical cord clearly visible, and tossed it aside What has really caused the Rape of Nanking to be such a pressing issue though, is that Japan has done almost nothing to apologize to China. What’s worse, is that some Japanese scholars and officials claim the entire incident to be a hoax.Members of the Prime Minister’s Party state the â€Å"no evidence to prove the mass killings by Japanese soldiers in the captured [Nanking] and they even accused Beijing of using the alleged incident as a â€Å"political advertisement. † Of course, the Chinese government is very offended by these claims and since then, relations have deteriorated greatly. China also does nothing to try to forget about the unpleasant incident, and many Chinese textbook s horrifically describe the acts of the Japanese, which darkens the image of Japan to the Chinese populace even further.The brutal occupation of China was finally over after Japan was defeated at the end of World War Two. China and Japan then entered a brief period where relations remained stable; this was mostly due to the Japanese military being dismantled. The establishment of The People’s Republic of China also made Japan feel more respect towards them because China was becoming a â€Å"civilized† nation like themselves. During this short period, Japan assisted China through its first years as a newly developed, struggling nation. Many trade policies were agreed upon and Japan and China started to cooperate and coordinate on many levels.This helped both countries thrive culturally and their economies, especially Japan’s, boomed. Without these trade agreements, China never would have developed so quickly, and Japan wouldn't have been able to come out of the d evastation they suffered from World War Two as strongly. But even though the Japanese military was disbanded, China still viewed Japan as a threat because of the numerous atrocities that Japan had committed. China was worried about a remilitarization of Japan, as Japan’s army was slowly recovering from World War Two.But Japan remained peaceful, probably due to the increasing amount of business happening between the two countries. During the next few decades, Sino- Japanese diplomatic relations slowly improved, while economic ties increased exponentially. In the 70’s and 80’s, negotiations took place for a peace and friendship treaty between the two countries. There were also many VIP visits between the countries involving high ranking government officials, at even the Prime Minister of Japan visited China in 1984. After long term trade agreements and Chinese economic reform, bilateral trade rapidly increased.This is also known as the â€Å"golden age† of Sino- Japanese relations, as they made significant progress during the 70’s and 80’s. But a lot of these visits and treaties were mostly for show, and today, we realize that although it seemed like the two countries were finally starting to cooperate with each other, there were still many problems surrounding Sino-Japanese relations. Because of this purely economic relationship, China and Japan’s economies have become closely intertwined. They are almost completely dependent on each other economically, and wouldn't be the powerful countries that they are today without each other.As I said before, China never would have developed so quickly if it weren't for the early investments and trade from Japan. On the other hand, after Japan’s economic bubble popped in the 90’s, many investors needed to find new places to invest and trade, and China was filled with such opportunities. The continuous growth of China’s economy could not be sustained if i t weren’t for the steady stream of investments and trade coming from Japan, but on the other hand, Japan’s economy would be in shambles if it weren’t for all of the financial opportunities in China.But even a close trading relationship can’t fix a relationship stained with violence and distrust. Japan, for example, is worried that China is becoming too strong of a rising power in today’s society. As of just this last year, China has overtaken Japan as the worlds second biggest economy, trailing only behind the United States. China’s military is also quickly becoming modernized as the Chinese government gradually spends more and more on their national defense budget. As of today, there has been billions of dollars spent on advanced missiles and submarines. The rest of the world doesn’t event know the full extent of he power of the Chinese military, and China could posses more weapons than even the United States. This is not only concer ning to Japan, but also other developed countries as well. Although Japan is worried about the continuous growth of China, Japan is still in the lead developmentally and has been for the last century. China has been influenced greatly by Japan’s actions and took their development as a model for their own. When Japan first industrialized, it showed China that industrialization was a reachable goal that would make them more powerful. And until recent years, China has just been slightly behind Japan developmentally.In fact, China is very similar to what Japan was just 40 years ago. Just like China today, Japan was a rising Asian power that many westerners feared would become too powerful. Many indicators of a growing economy are also evident in China; literacy rates, infant mortality rates, and GDP (gross domestic product) are all on the rise, similar to what Japan’s were four decades ago. It’s no coincidence that China hosted the Beijing Olympics 44 years after To kyo, and they hosted the world expo 40 years after Osaka. China has a unique opportunity though, they can learn from Japan, and not make the same mistakes that Japan did.Japan doesn't want China to leap frog over them though, and has started to invest less into China, causing trade between the countries to decrease in the last decade. Japan has been deliberately putting less business into China, mostly because they don't want to contribute to the growth of a country that they view as a threat. But at China’s current rate of expansion and technological development, they could soon be losing their dependence on Japan. And it seems as though the only thing supporting a stable relationship right now is economics, and if that is gone then what will come of their already volatile relationship?Without the economic dependence that China and Japan have for each other, their relationship would almost certainly crumble. Having bad relations between these two countries is not only detrim ental for China and Japan, but also damaging for world politics, and the world economy as a whole. Creating healthier relations between them would allow for collaboration and cooperation which would help push Japan out of recession and let Japan help guide China in the right direction. It would also benefit the many Japanese investors who have billions invested in China to have improved communication with the country.Better relations between them would also greatly impact the outside world, especially the US. The United States has had a huge impact on the shaping Sino- Japanese relations. Having trusting political relations would allow the United States to become a more prominent contributor to Asian politics without having to choose sides on any touchy, historical issues. We wouldn't have to worry about starting a political flame war and we could focus more on building stronger relations with each other, making it easier to come to agreements and make decisions on major issues.It s eems like China and Japan are both going to have to put in more effort to improve Sino- Japanese relations in the long term. Both Japan and China are going to have to try much harder to establish relations that are built on something more than just trade. Due to this, it is advisable for them to make an effort to construct a new and healthier relationship that is not reliant on their economic structures. But how should they approach fixing a relationship that is stained with hatred and tension? First, Japan should focus on making sure that China forgives them for their past actions.It is important that China believes that this is a sincere gesture, as it has been attempted many times before. Japan should make sure to take full responsibility instead of just loosely apologizing as they have done in the past. They should also not view each other as threats, and become more trusting of each other’s intentions. China could make this easier for Japan by being more open about their military intentions. China and Japan should also be public about their diplomatic relations to keep their people informed about what state their countries are in.Fixing Sino-Japanese relations is going to be a long journey for both countries. Because of such a complicated and violent past things aren’t going to be easy, but their economies and cultures are so intertwined; it would be beneficial to them and the rest of the world to repair their broken relationship. But only once we look back at the history between these two countries can we understand how to look to the future. 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