Classical Theory Essay Example for Free

Classical Theory Essay The Difference Between a Classical Management Theory a Human Relations Theory by Stacy Zeiger, Demand Media Human relations theory seeks to develop satisfied employees. Classical management theory and human relations theory represent two views of management on the opposite ends of the spectrum. One view focuses on looking at workers solely as a means to get work done, while the other focuses on developing an organization and the behaviors and motivations of employees. Most managers find that a combination of the two theories serves them best in their businesses. Ads by Google Ssangyong Korando Special New Offer On SsangYong Korando From Only R2499p/m. Enquire Online Now! www.ssangyongdeals.co.za What is Classical Management Theory? Classical management theory involves creating multiple levels of workers to improve productivity. Employees at the lowest levels find their tasks overseen by supervisors who, in turn, are overseen by managers. At every level, employees are expected to perform tasks according to specific procedures designed to maximize productivity. In addition, this theory focuses on an impersonal side of business. Employees and managers should not allow friendliness and personal interactions to become involved with the organization. Rules must be followed exactly, and the hiring and firing of employees must relate only to the skills they possess. Pros and Cons of Classical Management Theory Classical management theory is not used in many organizations because of its shortcomings. While some components of the theory, such as designing procedures for completing a task and keeping personal issues out of business, help an organization focus on the job at hand, the theory fails to recognize the differences among employees. When employee feelings and opinions are not taken into account, the business may not grow or may experience high levels of employee turnover as employees fail to develop a relationship with the business and leave in search of a more satisfying job. What is Human Relations Theory? Human relations theory, also known as behavioral management theory, focuses more on the individuals in a workplace than the rules, procedures and processes. Instead of directives coming directly from management, a human relations theory provides communication between employees and managers, allowing them to interact with one another to help make decisions. Instead of giving workers quotas and requiring certain procedures, workers are exposed to motivational and emotional tactics to get them to increase productivity. The focus of this style is creating fulfilled, productive workers and helping workers invest in a company. Pros and Cons of Human Relations Theory While many companies operate based on the human relations theory, this type of management has dangers. Companies risk workers becoming too social or easily swayed by personal emotions and opinions when making decisions, rather than relying on hard data. It may be more difficult to reprimand employees for poor performance or dismiss them once they have become invested in the company. Despite these risks, human relations theory has the potential to increase employee retention rates and productivity. As employees feel more valued by a company, they invest in that company and its greater good.

A Tale of Two Cities Essays: The Character of Lucie Manette :: Tale Two Cities Essays

The Character of Lucie Manette in A Tale of Two Cities Lucie Manette, in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens, is a quiet young woman. She is deeply compassionate but never develops a real believable character. Her feelings, which are similar in all cases, are revealed to us when she interacts with her father Dr. Manette, Charles Darney, and Sydney Carton. During the scene in the shoemaker's shop the reader learns about daughter Manette through description, actions, and her words. First off, we picture her slowly coming out of the darkness. Next she is described as young, with golden hair, and a dress. Her words are the main point of study, though. The reader has been drawn in by the first superficial description and now we expect that her words will build a strong character in Lucie. Her words however, may be important to the revival of Dr. Manette, but do not create a real, strong, true-to-life character. The comforting words are just a bad sentimental melodrama and she says, "weep for it, weep for it!," over and over. Miss Manette's conversation with Carton is a similar type of conversation in which she reassures Carton several times. The line "If that will be a consolation to you", is a summary of the conversation between Carton and Lucie. Lucie Manette is at the center of the group in Soho, a suburb of London. Because Lucie is a main character we expect her to be in the middle of gatherings. Miss Pross says that hundreds of people visit Lucie, an exageration but still many pay visit to her house in Soho. Because Lucie's character is not fully developed and because we don't fully know her, we are left wondering what part of her character, or personality, makes her so attractive to everyone.

Different Worlds, Same Stories Essay

Cultural Diversity: Different Worlds; Same Stories America is a vast, multicultural land, with many different people and many different ways. But still, we tend to categorize whether something is abnormal or not based on certain cultural standards, i. e. , â€Å"ethnocentrism†. This makes for a large gap in understanding cultures such as that of the Trobrian, a unique tribe living on the island of Kiriwiai. One might be surprised to find that while our two cultures have differences, we also share similarities. We both enjoy our own language, celebrations, religion, politics, etc.. We do, however, go about these customs and social observances in a very different manner. A trait that exists in all cultures in sociology is referred to as a â€Å"cultural universal†. There are many examples of cultural universals throughout the world. For example, all cultures have some form of government. However, while Americans are ruled via a democratic republic based on 3 branches of their government, the Trobrian people are governed based on a paramount chief system. The two cultures both have a system of politics, but they also have a different way of going about it. This difference illustrates what is known as â€Å"cultural particulars†. Cultural relativism is the principle that an individual human’s beliefs and activities should be understood in terms of his or her own culture. The reason for cultural relativism is because of the lack of understanding of cultural particulars. The people of Trobrian are very different from Americans. Their money is in skirts and banana leaves. They roam around half-naked. Their inheritance goes through their mother, and they celebrate things such as harvests and funerals (This celebration is called a â€Å"sigalli†). But the most interesting thing about the Trobrian people is that their power is based on what they can give, not what they can take. Americans would think upon hearing this, that they are an extremely un-advanced, savage people. But that is far from the truth. They recently have adapted fundamentalism and are beginning to question their money source, showing possibilities for advancement. As an American, I feel that it would be unsatisfactory to live with a people such as with the Trobrians, but that is only because of the way I grew up and my own culture. In some ways it makes them stronger; in some ways it makes them weaker. But we should never look down on another people because of the way their culture molded them. We should all have open minds and respect for diversity. People can judge very quickly, but it takes time to understand how a culture truly operates. Ethnocentrism, cultural universals, cultural particulars, and cultural relativism are all basically just fancy ways of saying we are alike in some ways, we are not alike in others, and that we should not judge others based on our own cultural norms.

Summary Of Susan B Anthony Statement At The Closing Of Her...

Susan B Anthony, †Statement at the closing of her trial† Susan B. Anthony was born on February 15, 1820 in Adams, Massachusetts. Susan became a pioneer crusader for the woman suffrage movement in the United States and eventually became the president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association. Susan B. Anthony’s work helped lay the foundation for the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution, giving women the right to vote. Susan B. Anthony, a teacher and abolitionist, was found guilty of voting. This was a federal crime in the United States of America. In 1873, at Susan’s B. Anthonys trial in Canandaigua, Judge Hunt set many roadblocks in her trial. For example, he refused to allow Susan to testify on her own behalf, allowed†¦show more content†¦to any of the male inhabitants who were 21 or older. For the first time, the word male was written into the Constitution, and it bothered Anthony. Using her newfound platform, Susan B. Anthony voiced her opinion about the word male being used in the Constitution, whi le women were still ignored. She took every opportunity she could to promote her agenda, and began an exhaustive speaking tour of all of the 29 towns and villages of Monroe County. In her speeches, she addressed the question Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote? She quoted the Declaration of Independence, the US Constitution, the New York Constitution, James Madison, Thomas Paine and the Supreme Court to further increase her proof that women were citizens in the United States of America, and had every right to vote. She argued that women, always in servitude to man, should be included in the emancipation amendment granting voting privileges to former slaves. In 1873, Susan B. Anthony began publishing a weekly journal called The Revolution. This journal advocated equal rights, the right to vote, and civil rights for women. She also extended the range of issues to include, equal pay and divorce law. She was willing to take on unpopular issues, challenge the prevai ling customs, and beliefs of the day. After years of advocating on the behalf of all women for years, she decided to retire from active political activity in 1900, and eventually died of heart disease and pneumoniaShow MoreRelatedHsc General Math Textbook with Answers153542 Words   |  615 PagesComparing loans Comparing loans 13 Credit cards 17 Reducing balance loans 22 Chapter summary t 29 Multiple choice questions ultiple-choice questions 30 Short-answer questions 31 Further applications of area and volume Area of circles, annuluses and sectors Area of ellipses 39 Area of composite shapes 42 Simpson’s rule 47 Surface area of cylinders and spheres Volume of composite solids 57 Errors in measurement 63 Chapter summary 67 Multiple-choice questions 68 Short-answer questions 69 Algebraic skills andRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages978-0-13-612100-8 1. Management—-Study and teaching. 2. Management—Problems, exercises, etc. Kim S . II. Title. HD30.4.W46 2011 658.40071 173—dc22 I. 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Film Analysis How Tarantino s Screenplays Are A Nice...

This essay will be covering Quentin Tarantino an American director, writer, and actor. His films are characterized by non-chronological storylines, satirical subject matter, and violence. Tarantino is not only a fantastic writer but a tremendous filmmaker. He has won multiple Oscars for his films. The man to me is a genius in the film industry. Throughout this essay, I will speak of what makes a Tarantino movie, how Tarantino s Screenplays are a nice change of pace, how he changed how I view dialogue, his well thought out characters, amazing writing, and his use of other films as inspiration. No two Tarantino films are the same but they do all serve one sole purpose, to entertain. Now any Tarantino film does indeed have similar devices†¦show more content†¦Don’t forget about the crazy amount of horror films made for cheap that are carried out horrifically bad. There are still well carried out original films (very few of them). But these films that are well edited, well shot with amazing acting, and most importantly well written. Can be overrun by generic movies that everyone wants to see. These generic films do better at the box office because people don’t want to step out the norm. This is why Tarantino is such a change of pace while still delivering to his audience what they want. He understands that he is creating films for a specific audience. Unlike most movies that are trying to remain relevant. He doesn’t try to please everyone. Tarantino said it best himself, â€Å"I want to top expectations. I want to blow you away.† You are i n for a show, not some brain-dead film that you don’t have to pay attention to the plot. He creates original content, the actual art which changes the ballgame or in other words the film game. Tarantino’s writing has changed the way I view movies and read books. In every scene, he creates an almost palpable feeling of emotions through the way he conveys emotion not only through the silver screen but through the pages of a script. In Tarantino’s films, the dialogue is theatrical and profane with the characters he creates. He is not afraid to create characters that are completely against the majority of everyone’s morals. The way his

Comparative Analysis Of Epiphany, From James Joyce s...

Joey Gill ENG-L 204 Paper 1, Prompt D A Comparative Analysis of Epiphany, from James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyce elaborately portrays the complexity of the human male psyche through his protagonists in â€Å"Araby† and â€Å"The Dead.† Through the use of first person perspective, each protagonists’ true motivations and perceptions of reality are betrayed by Joyce, therefore allowing the reader to fully understand the fallacies and complexities within each character. Through the depictions of such complexities, Joyce is able to leverage the subtle, yet substantial, power of epiphany in order to unite every aspect of each protagonist’s complex nature, as well as display what he means to suggest through the epiphanies his protagonists experience. Beyond sharing the same author, the unnamed protagonist in â€Å"Araby†, who’ll hence be referred to as the young boy, shares similarities with the protagonist in â€Å"The Dead†, Gabriel . Initially, both characters are seen as male figures who adhere to the social etiquette of their economic class, and both are conflicted by their female interests. The young boy’s sole desire in â€Å"Araby† is to win the affection of a young lady, known only as Mangan’s sister. Similarly, after Gabriel and his wife, Gretta, attend an annual dinner party, Gabriel is overcome with an incessant desire to be intimate with Gretta. Both of their efforts to submit the woman to their desires inevitably fail due to both protagonists having a perceived understanding

Business Model Innovation and Logistics

Question: Discuss about the Business Model Innovation and Logistics. Answer: Introduction: Toyota Motor Corporation is a Japanese automobile manufacturing company having its headquarter at Aichi, Japan. In the year 2014 Toyota consisted of the 338,875 employees globally and by the end of February 2016 Toyota was considered as one of the 13th largest company worldwide in terms of the revenue produced ahead of Volkswagen and General Motors. Toyota automobiles were established in the year 1933 as the division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works, which was centrally focussed on the production of automobiles under the direction of Kiichiro Toyoda. Toyota presently operates through dealership sales channel. It is primarily focussed on the production and selling of luxury sedan such as Toyota corona, Toyopet Toyo Ace truck. Toyota Dyna, Toyota Coaster, Toyota corolla are some of the major products, which are produced by Toyota. The executive management of Toyota comprises of Christian Ruben, Ivo Ljubica who are the directors of the company. The board of directors of Toyota allocates accounts based on the location of the registered offices of its relevant offices and groups. Vision and Mission: The mission of Toyota is to provide safe journey to its customers. Toyota is focused on developing new technologies with the intention of saving energy and diversifying the energy sources. Toyota is working with the vision of creating a prosperous society and clean environment by promoting the production of battery cars (Cusumano 2013). Value chain analysis of Toyota: Value chain analysis can be defined as the analytical theory, which helps in identifying the business operation by creating value and competitive advantage for the firm. Inbound logistics of Toyota consist of two separate activities first being the transport of parts from the local suppliers to the manufacturing unit and the second part consist of international inbound logistics to ship its parts from Japan to North America and European plant. Localization of the production is one of the central strategy undertaken by Toyota and 75.4% of the non-domestic sales were produced outside the territories of Japan for the calendar of 2015 (Backer and Miroudot 2014). In addition to this, Toyota has perfectly crafted Just-In-Time systems of manufacturing in order to eliminate the need for inventory which helps in saving considerable amount of cost. Operations: Toyota automotive operations support the promotion of conscientious manufacturing throughout its operational functions. On the other hand, lean manufacturing technology helps in promoting competitive advantage. Figure 1: representing Toyota assembly plant (Source Kilger et al. 2015) Outbound logistics: Approximately Toyota has more than 175 distributors and 8900 dealers outside the territory of Japan. The company employs carriers, railroads and trucks to transmit its vehicles from the manufacturing plant to the dealers. Toyota employs numerous distribution strategies in US, Europe and Japan (Diabat et al. 2013). Distribution of vehicles produced in North America: Once out of plant vehicles are shipped into the marshalling yard where it is prepared for transportation to its distributors and dealers. Distribution of vehicles produced overseas: Large number of vehicles produced in Japan are transported in North America and are further transported to dealerships. However, Toyota value chain represents that the delivery time should vary from three weeks to five weeks to those ports where dealers are located close to its manufacturing unit (Christopher 2016). Marketing and sales: Toyota puts more of its focus on innovating product and promoting efficiency of brand through brand integration practices. Toyota marketing strategy makes the use of print and media advertising to promote sales. It also focuses on public relations and direct marketing techniques with the help of television advertising for effective marketing and sales. Services: Toyota operates according to the value of serving its customers first. This principle is reflected in all the business processes and operational procedures in company (Backer and Miroudot 2014). Figure 2: Diagrammatic representation of Toyotas value chain (Source Backer and Miroudot 2014) Planning process of Toyota: Toyota has adopted intensive business strategy in order to succeed on selected market to develop its business. Toyota adopts the strategy of continuous improvement in order to create an impact on the level of quality product. Toyota adopts an integrating strategy of cross-functional business through gradual improvement and continuous business activities. Product strategy: The product strategy of Toyota is based on rendering high quality fuel efficient cars through the employment of innovating technologies through intensive hard work and creativity (Kumar 2015). Research and development: Toyota is considered as one of the leader of automobiles industries through advanced research and development technology. Business strategies adopted by Toyota is aimed at developing intelligence responses in order to challenge the automobile industry by presumptuous responsibility for future generations. Designing fuel-efficient engines: Regarding the problems of pollution and emission Toyota intensively makes the use of technology to design its car engines which are less polluting. It is committed towards developing hybrid car engines by undertaking the combination of different source of power units. Toyota designs its engines, which are technologically more advanced which helps in achieving the business mission of green machine. Brand Positioning of Toyota: Toyota develops a strategy of product positioning strategy to influence their positioning in the automobile market. For example, Toyota and Lexus are other competing automobile brand that has different positioning strategies. A Toyota Camry and Lexus IS may be comparable in terms of shape and size but the two models is designed and marketed intensively to reach two different groups of consumer. Toyota positions its product by formulating positioning strategy by appealing its targeted groups of customers. Toyota has the better understanding of its competitors such as Nissan, Lexus etc by identifying their unique selling point, which helps in determining the differences in their product (Simons 2013). Hence, Toyota uses low cost strategy by focussing more on the superior designing and quality, which helps in differentiating its product from its competitors. Manufacturing budgets of Toyota: Manufacturing budgets of Toyota potentially consists of capital surplus, retained earnings and earnings generated from the current year surplus. In accordance with the going concern approach, a significant part of the regulatory budgets complies with the minimum requirement of Toyota for covering the risk. In addition to this, a budgeted profit is also taken into the consideration under the going concept for determining the manufacturing budgets of Toyota. To comply with the risk requirement Toyota takes into the account only a prudent budgeted profit to promote its sales. Figure 3 representing the budget cost of component in manufacturing of Toyota (Source Rothaermel 2015) Controlling: Monitoring control: Indentifying waste: According to Rothaermel (2015) there is always waste or residual left out whatever be the process of production Toyota believes in improving its technology through better monitoring of manufacturing process. Toyota continuously aims to improve the process through vital tools by bringing out enhanced product or services. Toyota monitors the activities of its organisation by analysing the activities of department that are directly connected with the manufacturing unit. Analysing the waste and discovering the root cause: For each of the waste that is identified Toyota discovers the root cause for such waste. If a machine in production unit constantly breaks down Toyota identifies the real problem by providing adequate training to the operators who do not use the machine properly. Tools implemented to reduce waste: Once Toyota identifies the waste monitoring process in the above stated stages it employs the tools of reducing the waste through using Just-in-time (Simons 2013). In order to minimise the use of stock and resources Toyota only purchases materials and makes effective utilisation of the available resources to help production run smoothly and efficiently. Such strategies reduce the possibilities of poor engine quality in future batches of cars. Implementing balanced scorecard: Attaining productivity in business has always been an important requirement for continuous growth and expansion. Managers and directors of Toyota are under the responsibilities of assuring the success of business operations though using balanced scorecard techniques, which enables them to achieve their goals throughout their production level. According to Okongwu et al. (2015) balanced scorecard can be defined as the strategic management techniques used for communicating and evaluating the mission and strategy of a business firm. Toyota balance scorecard is divided into four categories to measure the performance of the company which are as follows; Financial perspective: The financial prospect of Toyota aims to answer the queries of its shareholders. Financial measures of Toyota emphasises on the profitability related measures as its shareholders verifies the profit level of the investment undertaken by Toyota. Financial measurement covers up the areas of Toyotas return on investment, cash flow, net operating income and growth in earnings. Customers perspective: According to Keyes (2016) this aspects covers up the ability of Toyota to offer quality cars and engine services by attaining the overall satisfaction level of customers. Toyota believes that if the customers are not happy then they might not return. Therefore, customers satisfaction is of critical importance in achieving the companys financial goals defined under financial perspective of the balanced scorecard. Toyota focuses on increasing the customers retention through improved customer relationship by responding to complaints of customers. Internal business process: The internal business perspective of Toyota is based on the internal business results, which lead to financial success and satisfied customers. To recognise its organisational objectives and customers anticipations Toyota identifies the vital business process such as internal business management, which helps the organisation excel in international automobile market (Sainaghi, et al. 2015). Internal business process of Toyota consists of cost of services, cost of conformance, process innovation are some of the vital measures aimed at increasing the level of production capacity. Learning and growth perspective: This perspective of Toyota looks into the employee performance as how they grow and learn within the organisation. Such measures examine the employees level of expertise and knowledge in support of organisational objectives. Managers of Toyota also identify the vision and mission by sustaining the ability of the employers to sustain and improve (Black et al. 2014). Decision-making: International product strategy standardisation: Toyota automobile revealed its plans by stating that it aims to invest $1billion for setting up new plants in Mexico and another $440 million to add up a new manufacturing line in china. The company has revealed its expansion plans in three years by highlighting its strategy, which aims to put high importance in the U.S markets and also aims to take up more measurable step in china (Tjader et al. 2014). Toyota has formed ambitious goals of doubling its sales and production by 2 million cars in the upcoming years. On the other hand, Toyota is considering catching up its rivals in china by making large sum of investment in building an excessive production strategy. Finding and facts: Planning: Toyota has adopted intensive business strategy in order to succeed on selected market to develop its business. The product strategy of Toyota is based on rendering high quality fuel-efficient cars to its customers. Toyota is committed towards developing hybrid car engines by undertaking the combination of different source of power units. Controlling: Toyota believes in improving its technology through better monitoring of manufacturing process. Managers and directors of Toyota are under the responsibilities of assuring the success of business operations though using balanced scorecard techniques (Abdulrahman et al. 2015). Furthermore, Toyota takes into the account only a prudent budgeted profit to promote its sales. Decision-making: The decision-making aspects of Toyota motors are focussed towards expansion of units in other parts of world especially in china and Mexico. Toyota has formed ambitious goals of doubling its sales by building an excessive production strategy. Conclusion: To conclude with this report it is noteworthy to denote that Toyota is currently looking forward to expand its operations by expanding its capital base by attracting more investment in its shares. The main goals associated with Toyota are to achieve the overall performance and make a profit from its operations. Several scholars have suggested that high tech automobile firms like Toyota should standardise their products by improving the performance of the engines by making improved innovation on reducing the fuel consumption. It is suggested that automobiles firms like Toyota should contribute more towards society and communities under which it operates. Toyota should effectively contribute in corporate social responsibility in order benefit the society far beyond the activates of law. It is recommended that high tech automobile companies like Toyota should become more positive towards adding up high intangible worth to its products by introducing high-tech battery operated cars. This will help in reducing the dependence on fuel and will add more value to its brand. Reference list: Abdulrahman, M.D.A., Subramanian, N., Liu, C. and Shu, C., 2015. Viability of remanufacturing practice: a strategic decision making framework for Chinese auto-parts companies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 105, pp.311-323. Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015. An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Black, S., Washington, M. and Rasheed, H., 2014. Business Model Innovation and the Balanced Scorecard. Christopher, M., 2016. Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Cusumano, M.A., 2013. The Japanese automobile industry: Technology and management at Nissan and Toyota (No. 122). Harvard University Press. De Backer, K. and Miroudot, S., 2014. Mapping global value chains. Diabat, A., Khodaverdi, R. and Olfat, L., 2013. An exploration of green supply chain practices and performances in an automotive industry. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 68(1-4), pp.949-961. Gereffi, G. and Sturgeon, T., 2013. 14 Global value chain-oriented industrial policy: the role of emerging economies. Global value chains in a changing world, p.329. Gibbons, R. and Kaplan, R.S., 2015. Formal Measures in Informal Management: Can a Balanced Scorecard Change a Culture?. Keyes, J., 2016. Implementing the IT balanced scorecard: Aligning IT with corporate strategy. CRC Press. Kilger, C., Reuter, B. and Stadtler, H., 2015. Collaborative planning. In Supply chain management and advanced planning (pp. 257-277). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Kumar, R., 2015. Impact of Promotional Activities, After Sale Services, Mileage and Resale Value on the Purchase Decision-A Consumer Behaviour Study in Automobile Industry. Journal of Commerce and Trade, 10(1), pp.86-95. Mitra, A., 2016. Fundamentals of quality control and improvement. John Wiley Sons. Nof, S.Y., Wilhelm, W. and Warnecke, H., 2012. Industrial assembly. Springer Science Business Media. Okongwu, U., Brulhart, F. and Moncef, B., 2015. Causal linkages between supply chain management practices and performance: a balanced scorecard strategy map perspective. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, 26(5), pp.678-702. Petersen, J.A., Kushwaha, T. and Kumar, V., 2015. Marketing communication strategies and consumer financial decision making: The role of national culture. Journal of Marketing, 79(1), pp.44-63. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015. Strategic management. McGraw-Hill. Sainaghi, R., Phillips, P. and Corti, V., 2013. Measuring hotel performance: Using a balanced scorecard perspectives approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, pp.150-159. Simons, R., 2013. Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Tjader, Y., May, J.H., Shang, J., Vargas, L.G. and Gao, N., 2014. Firm-level outsourcing decision making: A balanced scorecard-based analytic network process model. International Journal of Production Economics, 147, pp.614-623.